The gut microbiome and metabolic syndrome. Interaction between microbiota and immunity in health and disease. Human gut microbiota from autism spectrum disorder promote behavioral symptoms in mice. Microbial endocrinology and the microbiota–gut–brain axis. The microbiome–gut–brain axis during early life regulates the hippocampal serotonergic system in a sex-dependent manner. This important study demonstrates that the gut microbiota can modulate microglia immune programming mediated by SCFAs in mice.Ĭlarke, G. Host microbiota constantly control maturation and function of microglia in the CNS.

Continued advances from this frontier of biomedicine may lead to tangible impacts on human health.Ĭryan, J. In this Review, we discuss emerging and exciting evidence of intricate and crucial connections between the gut microbiota and the brain involving multiple biological systems, and possible contributions by the gut microbiota to neurological disorders. However, there are complexities and manifest limitations inherent in translating complex human disease to reductionist animal models.

Most insights about host–microbiota interactions come from animal models, which represent crucial tools for studying the various pathways linking the gut and the brain. These processes may affect human health, as certain animal behaviours appear to correlate with the composition of gut bacteria, and disruptions in microbial communities have been implicated in several neurological disorders. In a striking display of trans-kingdom symbiosis, gut bacteria cooperate with their animal hosts to regulate the development and function of the immune, metabolic and nervous systems through dynamic bidirectional communication along the ‘gut–brain axis’.

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